Annotations
Annotations
The first year of the Latino USA radio program offers a wide range of information about the Latino/a experience in 1993. Annotations were created to highlight major subjects and the various voices involved in producing the radio show. In the programs included throughout this project, annotations were created regarding Speakers/Referenced People, Places, Subjects, Organizations, Communities, Journalistic Approaches, Sound Clips, Works Cited, and Referenced Dates. A total of 1,978 unique tags were created across 35 episodes of Latino USA across the following categories:
LLILAS staff created tags for speakers/referenced people any time a person spoke or was referenced. To ensure consistency, these tags were created in accordance with Library of Congress Authority Name standards. Approximately 580 speaker/referenced people tags were created.
Place tags were created any time a place was referenced, where place was the subject of a story, or recorded at a specific location. Places include countries, cities, and neighborhoods, and follow Library of Congress Authority Name standards. About 200 place tags were created.
LLILAS staff created tags based on the topics discussed in a specific segment. Although not included in the tags index, tags usually align with the following umbrella categories: economy, environment, health/medical, law enforcement, media/culture, military, politics/government, religion, social issues/justice. Approximately 155 subject heading tags were devised based on Library of Congress subject-heading standards.
Organization tags were created any time an organization was referenced or was the subject of a segment/news story. Organizations included universities, corporations, political parties, and government entities. Groups like bands and grass-roots cooperatives were also included under 'Organization' tags and similarly follow Library of Congress Authority Names standards.
Community tags were based on LLILAS staff's understanding of an interviewee's positionality in terms of social, economic, or political status. Approximately 39 community tags were established and include race, ethnicity, and country of origin where applicable. Tags were also created to display the segments that included Women, Indigenous people, and LGBTQ+ people.
LLILAS staff developed 26 journalistic tags based on LLILAS staff's awareness of Latino USA's editorial choices. Journalistic approaches include how a segment was constructed, such as through interviews and who was interviewed. The 'Panel discussion' tag is defined by interviews conducted among three or more people. The tribute tag was created to highlight segments dedicated to honoring the lives of artists or community leaders. The storytelling tag was used, for example, when guests on Latino USA performed poetry or audio essays. The sound portrait tag was created when a segment included only the sounds of the natural environment and interviewees, with no reporter voiceover. On the other hand, the 'reader' tag was used to show when a journalist or anchor reads a news story script without additional audio from interviewees. Additionally, within broadcast journalism, anchors and reporters produce what is called a 'package.' A package is a pre-recorded and pre-edited segment that will usually include an anchor/reporter voiceover, interviews, music and/or natural sound from the environment in which the story is taking place. LLILAS staff highlighted four types of audio packages found throughout Latino USA's first season: feature packages, investigative packages, field reporting, and reporter/anchor packages. Feature packages are typically more light-hearted in nature and can cover topics such as arts, culture, and human-interest stories. Investigative packages usually involve more in-depth coverage of an issue or topic, including extensive research and analysis to uncover hidden or unknown problems. Field reporting is a story reported and produced on-location. For example, Maria Martin produces several stories recorded in Puerto Rico, where listeners can hear natural sounds such as street music, groups of people, and vehicle sounds. Field packages may not be as in-depth as an investigative piece, although they may cover more serious topics. An anchor and a reporter will likely announce when a story is recorded on location. Finally, a reporter/host package includes all the features of a package, but it is not apparent that it is recorded on location. A sound montage is a segment composed of multiple speakers without reporter voiceover. Finally, a press conference is tagged when it is apparent that an interviewee is taking questions from multiple people rather than a one-on-one interview. Press conferences are usually controlled by the person/team offering the interview opportunity.
Journalistic approaches follow this format:
- Approach--people
For example:
- Panel discussions--Journalist
To indicate a panel discussion was composed solely of journalists.
Sound clips highlight the use of sound throughout Latino USA and fall into three modalities: background, highlight, and transitions. Background sounds can be heard alongside voiceover or interviews. Highlights are moments within a segment where a sound is highlighted, as no accompanying sound is included. Finally, the transition designation was used to indicate the sound used during transitions between segments. In addition to the modality, LLILAS Benson staff also include the type of sound, including music, natural sounds (defined by sounds from the natural environment), beeping, archival sound, film, or other media. The tags follow this format:
- Modality--type--descriptor
For example
- Background--music--Afro-Cuban jazz
About 235 sound tags were created across 35 episodes.
Works Cited includes proper names of various works, including books, albums, song titles, film titles, speeches, and exhibitions. About 68 works cited tags were created.
Referenced dates were tagged during the event of any mentioned date. Date tags commonly include year, month, and day, but other tags may refer solely to month and year, year(s), and/or century. About 106 referenced date tags were created.